Physiology— Concepts, Formulas & Shortcuts
- Normal body temperature ≈ 37 °C (98.6 °F); normal resting pulse 60–100 beats per minute.
- Normal arterial blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45.
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney; roughly 65% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
- Gas exchange occurs across the alveolar–capillary membrane in the lungs.
- Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon, cortisol, adrenaline and growth hormone raise it.
- Leucocytes (white blood cells) provide immune defence; erythrocytes carry oxygen via haemoglobin.
Physiology Practice Questions with Answers
Attempt each question first, then open the explanation. All 8 questions below are free to read and require no signup.
Q1.Normal human body temperature is approximately:
Easy- A35 °C
- B37 °C
- C39 °C
- D40 °C
Physiology question 1 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: B. 37 °C
Explanation: 37 °C (98.6 °F) is the conventional normal core temperature, with small diurnal variation.
Q2.The normal resting heart rate in a healthy adult is:
Easy- A40–60 bpm
- B60–100 bpm
- C100–140 bpm
- D140–180 bpm
Physiology question 2 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: B. 60–100 bpm
Explanation: 60–100 beats per minute is normal; below 60 is bradycardia and above 100 is tachycardia.
Q3.The functional unit of the kidney is the:
Easy- ANeuron
- BNephron
- CAlveolus
- DHepatocyte
Physiology question 3 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: B. Nephron
Explanation: Each nephron filters blood and processes the filtrate into urine.
Q4.Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
Easy- AGlucagon
- BInsulin
- CCortisol
- DAdrenaline
Physiology question 4 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: B. Insulin
Explanation: Insulin promotes cellular glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis; the other three are counter-regulatory and raise glucose.
Q5.Which blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting infection?
Easy- AErythrocytes
- BLeucocytes
- CPlatelets
- DPlasma cells only
Physiology question 5 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: B. Leucocytes
Explanation: Leucocytes (white blood cells) mediate innate and adaptive immunity.
Q6.The normal pH of human arterial blood is:
Moderate- A6.8–7.0
- B7.35–7.45
- C7.5–7.8
- D8.0–8.4
Physiology question 6 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: B. 7.35–7.45
Explanation: Arterial pH is held between 7.35 and 7.45; below is acidosis, above is alkalosis.
Q7.Exchange of gases in the lungs takes place in the:
Easy- ABronchi
- BTrachea
- CAlveoli
- DPleura
Physiology question 7 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: C. Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli present a huge thin-walled surface in direct contact with pulmonary capillaries.
Q8.Which part of the nephron reabsorbs the largest fraction of the glomerular filtrate?
Difficult- AProximal convoluted tubule
- BLoop of Henle
- CDistal convoluted tubule
- DCollecting duct
Physiology question 8 of 8+Show Answer & Explanation
Answer: A. Proximal convoluted tubule
Explanation: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs roughly 65% of filtered water and sodium, along with virtually all glucose and amino acids.
Physiology — Frequently Asked Questions
What is the functional unit of the kidney?+
The nephron. Each kidney has roughly one million nephrons, and each consists of a glomerulus with Bowman's capsule followed by the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule and collecting duct.
Why is blood pH kept so narrow?+
Because enzyme activity and protein structure are pH-sensitive. The bicarbonate buffer system, respiratory control of CO₂ and renal handling of H⁺ and HCO₃⁻ together hold arterial pH between 7.35 and 7.45.
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